Introduction to Logic solution – symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram

EXAMPLE 2

2. No peddlers are millionaires.

PM = 0

 

EXAMPLE 3

3. All merchants are speculators.

MS¯ = 0

 

EXAMPLE 4

4. Some musicians are not pianists.

MP¯ ≠ 0

 

EXAMPLE 5

5. No shopkeepers are members.

SM = 0

 

EXAMPLE 6

6. Some political leaders of high reputation are scoundrels.

LS ≠ 0

 

EXAMPLE 7

7. All physicians licensed to practice in this state are medical school graduates who have passed special qualifying examinations.

PG¯ = 0

 

EXAMPLE 8

8. Some stockbrokers who advise their customers about making investments are not partners in companies whose securities they recommend.

SP¯ ≠ 0

 

EXAMPLE 9

9. All puritans who reject all useless pleasure are strangers to much that makes life worth living.

PS¯ = 0

 

EXAMPLE 10

10. No modern paintings are photographic likenesses of their objects.

MP = 0

 

EXAMPLE 11

11. Some student activists are middle-aged men and women striving to recapture their lost youth.

A(MW) ≠ 0

 

EXAMPLE 12

12. All medieval scholars were pious monks living in monasteries.

SM¯ = 0

 

EXAMPLE 13

13. Some state employees are not public-spirited citizens.

EC¯ ≠ 0

 

EXAMPLE 14

14. No magistrates subject to election and recall will be punitive tyrants.

MT = o

 

EXAMPLE 15

15. Some patients exhibiting all the symptoms of schizophrenia have bipolar disorder.

PB ≠ 0

 

EXAMPLE 16

16. Some passengers on large jet airplanes are not satisfied customers.

PC¯ ≠ 0

 

EXAMPLE 17

17. Some priests are militant advocates of radical social change.

PA ≠ 0

EXAMPLE 18

18. Some stalwart defenders of the existing order are not members of a political party.

DM¯ ≠ 0

EXAMPLE 19

19. No pipelines laid across foreign territories are safe investments.

PI¯ = 0

EXAMPLE 20

20. All pornographic films are menaces to civilization and decency.

PM = 0

 

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