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EXAMPLE 1

1. Some reformers are fanatics, so some idealists are fanatics, because all reformers are idealists.

Some reformers are fanatics(P).

All reformers are idealists(S).

Some idealists are fanatics.

IAI-3

Valid.

 

EXAMPLE 2

2. Some philosophers are mathematicians; hence … 더 읽고 싶어요

EXAMPLE 2

2. Some evergreens are objects of worship, because all fir trees are ever-greens, and some objects of worship are fir trees.

Step 1. Conclusion: Some evergreens are objects of worship.

Step 2. predicate: objects of worship

Step 3. … 더 읽고 싶어요

EXAMPLE 2

2. No peddlers are millionaires.

PM = 0

 

EXAMPLE 3

3. All merchants are speculators.

MS¯ = 0

 

EXAMPLE 4

4. Some musicians are not pianists.

MP¯ ≠ 0

 

EXAMPLE 5

5. No shopkeepers are … 더 읽고 싶어요

B.

From (3) to (4), implication.

(4) is I, particular proposition. Subject class is empty.

Invalid.

 

C.

From (2) to (3), implication.

(4) is O, particular proposition. Subject class is empty.

Invalid.

 

D.

Both (1) and (2) could … 더 읽고 싶어요

A.

1. E. Equivalent.

No reckless drivers are people who are considerate of

 

2. A.

Some officers are graduates of West Point.

 

3. I. Equivalent.

Some verpriced and underpowered automobiles are Some European cars

 

4. E. Equivalent.… 더 읽고 싶어요

propositions

1. a. Universal affirmative. A

1. b. Universal negative. E

1. c. Particular affirmative. I

1. d. Particular negative. O

 

2. a. Universal negative. E

2. b. Particular affirmative. I

2. c. Particular negative. O

2. d. Universal … 더 읽고 싶어요

EXAMPLE 1

Particular affirmative propositions

Subject: undistributed

Predicate: undistributed

 

EXAMPLE 2

Universal affirmative propositions

Subject: distributed

Predicate: undistributed

 

EXAMPLE 3

Particular negative propositions

Subject: undistributed

Predicate: distributed

 

EXAMPLE 4

Particular affirmative propositions

Subject: undistributed

Predicate: undistributed

 … 더 읽고 싶어요

EXAMPLE 1

Particular affirmative propositions.

Subject: Some historians

Predicate: extremely gifted writers

 

EXAMPLE 2

Universal negative propositions

Subject: athletes who have ever accepted pay for participating in sports

Predicate: amateurs

 

EXAMPLE 3

Universal negative propositions

Subject: dogs that … 더 읽고 싶어요

EXAMPLE 1

Disagreement.

 

EXAMPLE 2

Disagreement.

 

EXAMPLE 3

Disagreement.

 

EXAMPLE 4

Agreement.

 

EXAMPLE 5

Disagreement.

 

EXAMPLE 6

Agreement.

 

EXAMPLE 7

Agreement.

 

EXAMPLE 8

Disagreement.

 

EXAMPLE 9

Disagreement.

 

EXAMPLE 10

Disagreement.

 … 더 읽고 싶어요

EXAMPLE A1

Directive.

 

EXAMPLE A2

Expressive.

 

EXAMPLE A3

Expressive.

 

EXAMPLE A4

Informative.

 

EXAMPLE A5

Expressive.

 

EXAMPLE A6

Directive.

 

EXAMPLE A7

Expressive.

 

EXAMPLE A8

Informative.

 

EXAMPLE A9

Informative.

 

EXAMPLE A10

Informative.

 … 더 읽고 싶어요

EXAMPLE 1

1) If second native is politician

2nd	politician
1st	politician
3rd	non-politician

two politicians

2) If second native is non-politician

2nd	non-politician
1st	non-politician
3rd	politician

one politician

 

EXAMPLE 2

1) second – red, third – red… 더 읽고 싶어요

EXAMPLE 2

2. David Bernstein [in Only One Place of Redress: African Americans, Labor Regulations, and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal, 2001] places labor laws at the center of the contemporary plight of black Americans.

Many of … 더 읽고 싶어요

EXAMPLE 2

What stops many people from photocopying a book and giving it to a pal is not integrity but logistics; it’s easier and inexpensive to buy your friend a paperback copy.

—Randy Cohen, The New York Times Magazine, 26 … 더 읽고 싶어요